Lymphocyte glucose and glutamine metabolism as targets of the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of exercise.

Glucose and glutamine are important energetic and biosynthetic nutrients for T and B lymphocytes. These cells consume both nutrients at high rates in a function-dependent manner. In other words, the pathways that control lymphocyte function and survival directly control the glucose and glutamine metabolic pathways. Therefore, lymphocytes in different functional states reprogram their glucose and glutamine metabolism to balance their requirement for ATP and macromolecule production. The tight association between metabolism and function in these cells was suggested to introduce the possibility of several pathologies resulting from the inability of lymphocytes to meet their nutrient demands under a given condition. In fact, disruptions in lymphocyte metabolism and function have been observed in different inflammatory, metabolic, and autoimmune pathologies. Regular physical exercise and physical activity offer protection against several chronic pathologies, and this benefit has been associated with the anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of exercise/physical activity. Chronic exercise induces changes in lymphocyte functionality and substrate metabolism. In the present review, we discuss whether the beneficial effects of exercise on lymphocyte function in health and disease are associated with modulation of the glucose and glutamine metabolic pathways.

Consumo máximo de oxigênio em surfistas brasileiros profissionais / Peak oxygen uptake of brazilian professional surfers

O Surfe é um esporte muito popular em todo o mundo, mas há falta de informação dos efeitos fisiológicos induzidos pelo treinamento. Em geral, surfistas têm de remar para alcançar e pegar as ondas, essa fase pode durar de minutos há horas e provavelmente, a capacidade aeróbia dos músculos superiores do corpo pode ser alterada. O objetivo deste estudo foi medir o pico de VO2 de surfistas brasileiros profissionais. Para tal avaliação utilizou-se um ergômetro de alavanca de braço, com intuito de comparar a medida dos valores do pico de VO2 com os valores do VO2max próprios preditos para exercícios de membros inferiores calculados pela equação de Wasserman’s e verificar se o pico de VO2 nos braços pode ser afetado pelo treinamento. Foram estudados oito surfistas do sexo masculino (idade: 26 ± 6 anos, estatura: 175 ± 8 cm, peso corporal: 74 ± 9 kg). O pico de VO2 foi o maior VO2 obtido por um espirômetro de circuito aberto usando uma medição metabólica (V-max Series 229/Sensor Medics, USA) em um teste máximo. Valores medidos de pico de VO2 e preditos de VO2max de surfistas para membros inferiores foram de 3.42 ± 0.46 L.min-1 e 2.87 ± 0.22 L.min-1, respectivamente. Medidas dos valores do pico de VO2em exercício de braço foram significantemente melhores que os valores de VO2max preditos para exercício de perna (120%). Concluí-se que a prática do surfe pode ter um importante efeito induzido pelo treinamento na capacidade aeróbica dos músculos superiores do corpo de surfistas brasileiros profissionais.

Surfing is very popular sport all over the world. But there is lack of data of the physiological training-induced effects of surfing practice. In general, surfers must paddle to reach and catch the waves. And the paddling phase can last from several minutes to few hours. Probably, the aerobic capacity of the upper body muscles could be affected by the surfing practice. Our goals were to measure Brazilian professional surfer`s VO2peak. In an arm cranking ergometer, compare these measured VO2peak values to their own predicted VO2max values for legs exercise calculated by Wasserman`s equation and verify if the arms` VO2peak could be affected by the surfing training. We studied eight Brazilian professional male surfers (age: 26 ± 6 years, height: 175 ± 8 cm, weight: 73 ± 9 kg) that used to train only surfing at least 10 hours per week longer than 10 years. VO2peak was the highest VO2 obtained by an open circuit spirometer using a metabolic measurement cart (V-max Series 229/Sensor Medics, USA) in a maximal incremental test. Surfers` measured VO2peak and predicted VO2max for legs values were 3.42 ± 0.46 L.min-1 and 2.87 ± 0.22 L.min-1, respectively. Measured VO2peak values in arm exercise were significantly greater than predicted VO2max values for leg exercise (120%). We concluded that surfing practice could have an important training-induced effect on the aerobic capacity if the upper body muscles of Brazilian professional surfers.